How is the expression "survival of the fittest" relevant to Spencer and Darwin according to the passage?

• A. It was first coined by Darwin exclusively
• B. It undermines Spencer's theories about evolution
• C. It supports the characterization of Darwin as a "biological Spencerian"
• D. It has no significant relevance in the discussion

Answer: (C)

The phrase "survival of the fittest" is crucial in understanding the relationship between the theories of both Herbert Spencer and Charles Darwin. The expression encapsulates the idea that in nature, those individuals best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. While it is often associated with Darwin, who focused on natural selection in his work, Spencer used the phrase to argue for social evolution and other applications beyond biology.

Choosing the answer that suggests this expression supports the characterization of Darwin as a "biological Spencerian" illustrates how both thinkers intersect in their views on evolution, albeit from different perspectives. This option highlights that Darwin's ideas can be connected to Spencer's theories, suggesting that they are not entirely separate but rather complement each other in the broader discussion of evolution.

This understanding emphasizes the interplay between social and biological evolution, with Darwin's natural selection serving as a necessary but distinct focus within Spencer’s broader philosophical interpretations. The correct answer showcases the nuanced connections between their ideas, presenting Darwin's work as part of a larger conversation on evolution that includes Spencer's influence.